介詞

1）定義

介詞preposition縮寫prep.，又叫前置詞，表示其后的名詞或代詞（或是相當(dāng)于名詞的其他短語(yǔ)或從句）與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。介詞是一種虛詞，不能單獨(dú)在句中作成分。

2）介詞的用法

1、表示時(shí)間的（at 、on、in、at、before ,after、by、 until、through、from、since、within）

(1)at:用于表示時(shí)刻，時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)。
at noon

at noon

at noon在午時(shí)  at night在夜間  at present目前

(2)on:用于星期，某天，某一天的上午、下午、晚上(指具體的某一天時(shí)，一律用)  on sunday在星期天  on sunday morning 在星期天的上午 on march 8 在3月8日

(3)in:用于表示周、月、季節(jié)、年、泛指上午、下午、晚上。
in 1999

in 1999

in 1999 在1999年  in November  在11月份 in summer 在夏季  in the afternoon在下午 過(guò)……后(未來(lái)時(shí)間)
 i think he will be back in an hour .

 i think he will be back in an hour .

 i think he will be back in an hour .我想他一小時(shí)后就會(huì)回來(lái)。

i heard that she would be back in a month.我聽(tīng)說(shuō)她一個(gè)月后回來(lái)的。

(4)before：在……之前

  wei hua got up before 7 o’clock this morning .今天早晨，魏華在7點(diǎn)之前起床了。

(5)after：在……之后

 after that ,no noe should ever kill a seagull .  從那時(shí)起，任何人不得捕殺海鷗。

(6)by：在……前(時(shí)間)，截止(到)……
 by the time i arrived ,she had already gone .
 

 by the time i arrived ,she had already gone .

 

 by the time i arrived ,she had already gone .

 在我到達(dá)之前，她已經(jīng)走了。

(7)for：達(dá)……之久(表示過(guò)了多少時(shí)間),可以和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，過(guò)去時(shí)，將來(lái)時(shí)連用，但是經(jīng)常和完成時(shí)連用。

florence often worked for twenty-four hours without rest .

 弗洛淪斯常常工作24小時(shí)而不休息。

（8）during：在……期間

 during the lifetime of one man ,north america and europe  will more further apart by nearly two metres .

在一個(gè)人的一生期間，北美洲和歐洲由于漂移，其間的距離將要增加差不多兩米。

(9）through：一直……(從開(kāi)始到結(jié)束)
 he ,who led the united states through these years ,was shot  on april 14, 1865 ,at a theater in washington
 

 he ,who led the united states through these years ,was shot  on april 14, 1865 ,at a theater in washington

 

 he ,who led the united states through these years ,was shot  on april 14, 1865 ,at a theater in washington

 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)美國(guó)度過(guò)了這些年代的他，于1865年4月14日在美國(guó)華盛頓一家戲院里被人槍殺。

(10）from：從……起(時(shí)間)
 the worders were made to work from 7 in the morning to 7 in the evening .

 the worders were made to work from 7 in the morning to 7 in the evening .

 the worders were made to work from 7 in the morning to 7 in the evening .工人們被迫從早7點(diǎn)工作到晚7點(diǎn)。

(11）since：自從……以來(lái)(表示從以前某時(shí)一直到現(xiàn)在仍在繼續(xù))
 since that time ,my eyes had never been very good.

 since that time ,my eyes had never been very good.

 since that time ,my eyes had never been very good.從那時(shí)起，我的眼睛一直不是很好。

(12)within:不……超過(guò)的范圍

 he will arrive within an hour .他一小時(shí)內(nèi)就人到。

2、表示地點(diǎn)（at、in、on 、under、over、above、below、near、by、between、among、around、around、in front of、behind、in 、into、out of、along、across、,through、to、for、from)
(1) at:

(1) at:

(1) at:在某地點(diǎn)(表示比較狹窄的場(chǎng)所)
 at school

 at school

 at school上學(xué)    at home在家  at 320 xinfu district 在新?lián)釁^(qū)320號(hào)

 at the station 在火車站 
(2)in:

(2)in:

(2)in:在某地(表示比較寬敞的場(chǎng)所)
 she will arrive in shanghai at ten .10

 she will arrive in shanghai at ten .10

 she will arrive in shanghai at ten .10點(diǎn)她將到達(dá)上海。

(3)表示地點(diǎn)方向的on ,under ,over ,above ,below
①on:

①on:

①on:在……上面，有接觸面

 on the table 在桌子上面

②above:在……上方

 sometimes juliana could hear planes above the trees.

 有時(shí)朱莉安娜能聽(tīng)到樹(shù)林上空的飛機(jī)聲。

③over:在……正上方，是under的反義詞

 over these tombs ,they built pyramids .在這些墳?zāi)股希麄兘ㄆ鹆私鹱炙?/span>

④under：在……下面，在……之內(nèi)

the twin sisters put the basket under the tree .這姐倆把籃子放到了樹(shù)下。

⑤below：在……下方，(不一定是正下方)
three thousand metres below her ,she could see nothing except the thick jungle .
3000米以下，除了茂密的叢林之外，她什么也看不見(jiàn)。
(4)near ,by
①near:

three thousand metres below her ,she could see nothing except the thick jungle .

3000米以下，除了茂密的叢林之外，她什么也看不見(jiàn)。
(4)near ,by
①near:

(4)near ,by

①near:

three thousand metres below her ,she could see nothing except the thick jungle .

3000米以下，除了茂密的叢林之外，她什么也看不見(jiàn)。
(4)near ,by
①near:

(4)near ,by

①near:

(4)near ,by

①near:近的，不遠(yuǎn)的(=not far)是的反義詞,near還可以指時(shí)間，in the near future在不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)。

 green’s lake was a small lake near his home .格林湖是他家附近的一個(gè)小湖。

②by:在……旁邊，比的距離要近

juliana walked by the side of the river for six more long days .

朱莉安娜沿著河岸又走了足足6天。

(5)between ,among ,around

①between:在兩者之間

 the differences between american english and british english are not very great .美國(guó)英語(yǔ)和英國(guó)英語(yǔ)之間的差別不是很大。

②among:在三者或者更多的之中

there are some american students among us .在我們中間有幾個(gè)美國(guó)學(xué)校。

③around:環(huán)繞，在…..的周圍，在……的四周

 they arrived at a valley with high mountains all around it .

他們到達(dá)了四周有高山環(huán)繞的山谷

(6)in front of ,behind

①in front of :在……的前面

 there is a car in front of the house .房子前面有一輛小汽車。

②behind :在…..后邊

are there any cows behind the house ?房子后面有一些牛嗎？

(7)in ,into ,out of

①in:在…..之內(nèi)，用于表示靜止的位置
 there are four girls in the room.

 there are four girls in the room.

 there are four girls in the room.房間里有4個(gè)女孩。

②into:進(jìn)入,用于表示有特定終點(diǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向，通常用于表示動(dòng)作的動(dòng)作之后。如:come ,go ,walk ,jump ,run..
 she took me from the hall into my classroom .

 she took me from the hall into my classroom .

 she took me from the hall into my classroom .她把我從門廳帶進(jìn)我的教室里邊去。

(8)along ,across ,through

①along:沿著

 go along zhongshan road and turn right at the second crossing .

 沿著中山路走然后在第二個(gè)十這路口向右拐。

②across:橫過(guò)(平面物體)
very slowly,the continents are moving across the face of the world .

very slowly,the continents are moving across the face of the world .

very slowly,the continents are moving across the face of the world .

各個(gè)洲在地球表面緩緩漂移。

③through:貫通，通過(guò)

the students walked through the gate with uncle wang .

學(xué)生們隨著王叔叔通過(guò)大門。

(9)to ,for ,from

①到達(dá)……地點(diǎn)(目的地)或方向

 where’s jack? he has gone to london.杰克上哪了？他去倫敦了。

②for：表示目的，為了……
do you know what he comes here for ?

do you know what he comes here for ?

do you know what he comes here for ? 你知道他為什么來(lái)這兒?jiǎn)幔?/span>

③from：從……地點(diǎn)起

 how far is it from london to new york?  從倫敦到紐約有多遠(yuǎn)？

3、表示手段和材料的介詞用

（1）with
①

①

①和……在一起

these plates keep moving ,like great ships ,carrying the continents with them .

這些板塊載著各個(gè)大陸，像航船一樣不斷地漂移。

②具有，帶有

a person with good manners is always kind and  polite.

有禮貌的人總是和和氣氣，彬彬有禮的。

③用某種工具或方法

he could swim with some special swimming shoes.

 穿著一些特制的游泳鞋，他能游泳。

(2）in:表示用什么材料(例如：墨水，鉛筆等)或用什么語(yǔ)言。表示衣著，聲調(diào)特點(diǎn)時(shí)，不用with而用in。

what’s this in english. 這個(gè)用英語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)？

(3）by:通過(guò)……方法，手段

what do you mean by the word“island”？ “island”是什么意思

 i prefer traveling by train .我更喜歡乘火車旅行。

4、其他

(1） of , from
①of 

①of 

①of  屬于)……的，表示…..的數(shù)量或種類

 it was beginning of the term .這是學(xué)期開(kāi)始的時(shí)候。

②from:來(lái)自(某地，某人)，以….起始

 she is a lady from canada .她是一位加拿大的女士。

(2)without ,like ,as

①without :沒(méi)有，是with的反義詞

she often worked for twenty-four without rest .她通常工作24小時(shí)而不休息。

②like:像……一樣 
like many children of her age ,ding fang is a young pioneer .

like many children of her age ,ding fang is a young pioneer .

like many children of her age ,ding fang is a young pioneer .

像很多同齡的孩子一樣同，丁芳是個(gè)少先隊(duì)員。

③as:作為they are carrying us as passengers.它們把我們當(dāng)作乘客運(yùn)載著。

(3)against:反對(duì)。靠著

 everyone tried to fight against the locusts .所有的人奮力撲打蝗蟲(chóng)。

(4) about: ①關(guān)于，各處，四周

nightingale wrote a book about nursing .南丁格爾寫了一部關(guān)于護(hù)理方面的書(shū)。

②詢問(wèn)某人，某物的情況或提出建議
what about your family ?

what about your family ?

what about your family ? 你家里人怎么樣？

3）口 訣

口訣1:年月周前要用in，日子前面卻不行。遇到幾號(hào)要用on，上午下午又是in。要說(shuō)某日上下午，用on換in才能行。午夜黃昏用at，黎明用它也不借。 at也在時(shí)分前，說(shuō)“差”用to，說(shuō)“過(guò)”要用part。

口訣2: in在……里，  out在……外，在旁邊的是beside，靠近的為by 。 on在……上，under在……下，  above在上頭，  below在底下。

口訣3: this、that、tomorrow，yesterday，next、last、one。接年、月、季、星期、周，介詞省略已習(xí)慣。 over、under正上下，above、below則不然，若與數(shù)量詞連用，混合使用亦無(wú)關(guān)。' beyond超出、無(wú)、不能，against靠著，對(duì)與反。besides，except分內(nèi)外，among之內(nèi)along沿。同類比較except，加for異類記心間。

口訣4:before、after表一點(diǎn), ago、later表一段。 before能接完成時(shí)，ago過(guò)去極有限。 since以來(lái)during間，since時(shí)態(tài)多變換。 與之相比beside，除了last but one。

口訣5：

①早、午、晚要用in  例：in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午

in the evening 在晚上 in the day 在白天

②黎明、午、夜、點(diǎn)與分用at 例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明時(shí)候 at noon 在中午 at night 在夜間 at midnight 在午夜 at six o'clock 在6點(diǎn)鐘 at 7：30 (seven thirty) 在7點(diǎn)半 at half past eleven 在11點(diǎn)半 at nine fifteen 在9點(diǎn)15分     at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10點(diǎn)30分 at the weekend 在周末

③年、月、年月、季節(jié)、周用in。　例；in 1986 在1986年 in 1927 在1927年 in april 在四月 in march 在三月 in december 1986 1986年12月 in july l983 1983年7月 in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季 in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季 in the fist week of this semester 這學(xué)期的第一周 in the third week 在第三周

④陽(yáng)光、燈、影、衣、冒 雨用in，在陽(yáng)光下，在燈下，在樹(shù)陰下，穿衣、著裝、冒雨等都要用in。

例：don't read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的燈光下看書(shū)。 they are reviewing their lessons in the bright light.   他們?cè)诿髁恋臒艄庀聫?fù)習(xí)功課。 they are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他們坐在樹(shù)陰下乘涼。he went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到車站去接我。in the bright sunlight 在明亮的陽(yáng)光下 the woman in white  穿著白色衣服的婦女

 ⑤將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)in...以后  例: they will come back in 10 days. 他們將10天以后回來(lái)。  i'll come round in a day or two. 我一兩天就回來(lái)。 we'll be back in no time. 我們一會(huì)兒就回來(lái)。 come and see me in two days' time. 兩天后來(lái)看我。(從現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始)   after... (從過(guò)去開(kāi)始)

⑥小處at大處in  
 i'm in liaoning, at anshan.

 i'm in liaoning, at anshan.

 i'm in liaoning, at anshan. 我住在遼寧省鞍山市．

有形with無(wú)形by，語(yǔ)言 、單位、材料in
 

 

  例：the workers are paving a road with stone. 工人們正用石子鋪路。(有形)    the teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen.
 

 

 這位教師正用一支新筆批改論文。(有形)
 

 

  "taking tiger mountain by strategy" is a good opera.
 <<

 <<

 <<智取威虎山>>是-出好戲。(無(wú)形)
 

 

  the product is separated by distilation into gasoline and gas oil. 這種產(chǎn)品是用蒸餾分離出氣油和粗柴油。 (表示方式、手段、方法--無(wú)形)
 

 

  i really can't express my idea in english freely in-deed．

我確實(shí)不能用英語(yǔ)流利地表達(dá)我的思想。 (表示某種語(yǔ)言用in)
the kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system

the kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system．

公里是米制中最長(zhǎng)的長(zhǎng)度單位。 (表示度、量、衡單位的用in )
 this board was cast in bronze not in gold.

 this board was cast in bronze not in gold. 這個(gè)牌匾是銅鑄的，不是金鑄的。

⑦特征、方面與方式、心情成語(yǔ)慣用in
 

 特征或狀態(tài)：
 they found the patient in a coma.

 they found the patient in a coma. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)病人處于昏迷狀態(tài)。
 he has not been in good health for some years.

 he has not been in good health for some years. 他幾年來(lái)身體一直不好。
 the house was in ruins.

 the house was in ruins. 這房屋成了廢墟。
 her clothes were in rags.

 her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了。

還有一些心理短語(yǔ)也用in，如： in jest 詼諧地，in joke 開(kāi)玩笑地，in spite 惡意地， in fairness 公正地，in  revenge 報(bào)復(fù), in mercy 寬大，in sorrow 傷心地等。

⑧介詞at、to表方向，攻擊、位置、善、惡、分"。

介詞at和to都可以表示方向; 用at表示方向時(shí)，側(cè)重于攻擊的目標(biāo)，往往表示惡意；用to表示方向時(shí)，突出運(yùn)動(dòng)的位置或動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，側(cè)重表示善意。

she came at me. 她向我撲過(guò)來(lái)。
 she came to me.

 she came to me. 她向我走過(guò)來(lái)。
 he shouted at the old man.

 he shouted at the old man. 他大聲喝斥那老人。
 he shouted to the old man.

 he shouted to the old man. 他大聲向那老人說(shuō)
 she talked at you just now.

 she talked at you just now. 她剛才還說(shuō)你壞話呢。
 she talked to you just now.

 she talked to you just now. 她剛才還同你談話呢.
 she threw a bone at the dog.

 she threw a bone at the dog. 她用一塊骨頭砸狗。
she threw a bone to the dog.

she threw a bone to the dog. 她把一塊骨頭扔給狗吃